About This Site: Mission Statement, Contributors, and Recent Updates
Contributors page
Mission Statement and Origins of this project
1. Background: From Digital Archives to Public Access
I became interested in the idea of digital collections related to African American literature as far back as 2011, when I wanted to assign Claude McKay’s Harlem Shadows to students in a transatlantic modernism course, only to learn that there was no good digital edition of it available -- a common situation for materials by African American writers. Later, Roopika Risam and Chris Forster put together their digital edition of Harlem Shadows (now defunct); as a class assignment in a Digital Humanities class in 2015, I encouraged students to create their own digital edition, this time focusing on thematic tags, contextual information, and accessibility to a broad public, rather than the creation of a ‘diplomatic’ digital edition. The students in the 2015 class were particularly inspired: one wrote a contextual essay on Black Lives Matter and “If We Must Die”; another wrote about Claude McKay’s use of the sonnet form; a third tracked all of the McKay poems that dealt with birds (a surprising number!). That collaborative student-driven project is stil visible here.
The focus on accessibility, pedagogical usefulness, and public/community access the students wanted for their own site has stayed with me, and continued to guide projects that have followed, including the present project. I do have scholarly interests in this material, and have at times published scholarly articles related to what I have learned from working in the archives. But my main interest is really in helping support this historically important body of literature in ways that take it out of 'the archives' -- and into the public sphere.
I invited students to continue the project after that 2015 class ended, as I had been encouraged by Chris Forster to consider working on McKay’s early Jamaican poetry, and I did in fact create a digital collection of all of McKay's early poetry between 2015 and 2017 in the Scalar platform (this project is Claude McKay's Early Poetry). A student in that class, Jo Grim, suggested they were interested in participating in the expanded project but in fact would be more drawn to a project that involved poets who were Black women. This struck me as an important parallel project and a great idea, which led to the creation of a second digital project, Women of the Early Harlem Renaissance (Jo Grim is credited for generating the idea for this project).
However, I soon realized that simply building digital resources for poets most readers had never heard of would be of limited value. Of potentially greater importance was the prospect of developing a larger, combined resource, which would figure poets from the African American tradition who were well-known (i.e., writers like McKay, Hughes, and Cullen) with lesser-known poets. I started building an open-access corpus of African American literature in the summer of 2020, and was surprised by the amount of interest in that project. (See the announcement of the Corpus here.) From the corpus project, a collection of poetry and prose in plain text format, I decided to focus on making a more publicly accessible and user-friendly site devoted to just poetry. In this new site, thematic tagging would become an essential way of connecting the dots and drawing a roadmap that would lead to something much bigger, African American Poetry: a Digital Anthology. This project went live in the summer of 2022, and quickly found a substantial readership. In February 2024, the site had 15,000 users and more than 30,000 page views.
2. The Landscape for Digital Access to Primary Texts: Finding Sources
By the early 2020s, the landscape for accessing early African American texts online had improved dramatically from where it was a decade earlier.
Project Gutenberg (PG), which early on had been focused largely on a ‘Great Books’ approach, began to include a broader range of materials starting in the 2010s, and now has a rapidly expanding array of materials by African American authors -- though they are not always findable as such. PG does have a 'bookshelf' for African American writers, but the list is dominated by non-fiction, and is in any case highly incomplete. PG texts do not have any metadata or formal structure related to race or national origin of its writers. So for instance, when PG did finally upload a digital edition of McKay's Harlem Shadows (in 2021!), that text was not automatically included on the African American 'bookshelf'. This lack only reinforced my sense that a dedicated site that would collect African American poetry and include background information (including publisher information -- which PG also does not consistently include) was important.
HathiTrust, which imposes a scholarly architecture over the massive Google Books scanned collections, is far and away the most useful source for locating scanned versions of African American texts. These are in OCRed PDF format, but the OCRs typically need considerable correcting and editing. Many of the full-length books of poetry included on the present site originate as HathiTrust materials, though they have been edited, corrected, and substantially transformed. HathiTrust is an academic resource, not widely known outside of limited circles, and as with PG, has limited metadata with respect to authorial identity and background. (As with PG, there is a 'Collections' feature where individual power users of HathiTrust can create collections related to African American literature -- such as this collection of Black Fiction), but this is a secondary feature and not one that pops up using search.
Another important resource we have referenced, the Modernist Journals Project (MJP) was one of the first large-scale digitization projects for early 20th century materials, and it has been a particularly helpful resource for looking at issues of The Crisis between 1910-1922, as well as ‘mainstream’ (predominantly white) journals like Poetry and Seven Arts, which occasionally published poems by African American writers. Unfortunately, the MJP has not been expanding its collection as the copyright window has evolved in recent years. To access journals like The Crisis, Opportunity, and The Messenger from 1923-1927, Archive.org has been a helpful resource.
Periodically, we have come across citations to texts that do not appear to have been scanned by Google Books. Some texts may exist in special collections libraries in one or two locations; a few were reprinted subsequently. Others do not show up on WorldCat at all. Accordingly, we’re beginning to keep a running tally of “Materials We’re Trying To Track Down.”
Finally, I should say that alongside digital resources like the ones named above, we have made extensive reference to formal published scholarship and anthologies. Some of those are listed on our Works Cited page.
3. Why Scalar? / Creating Backups and Long-term plans
Scalar is a free content management system designed for educational purposes. It has a non-profit orientation, and can be run from a local "instance" (i.e., on a local server). This is beneficial since it means that the current project will not require subscription fees in order to keep the site active into the future. It also does not depend on further updates from the developers involved in the Scalar project. (That said, it does require some degree of support from technical staff at Lehigh University; for the past several years, they have been happy to provide that support).
With the "Pages," "Paths," and "Tags" architecture, Scalar is well-suited to a complex collection of texts, including texts that might be read "like a book" (i.e., using "Paths"). However, the "Tags" architecture makes it simple for a site creator to link materials together around thematic links.
That said, Scalar is also a somewhat constrained platform in some ways. In the top menus above, readers will see links to items such as "Visualizations." The current site is so large that the visualizations feature takes a very long time to load, and results in noisy network diagrams that probably do not illuminate very much. I do not know of a way to remove this feature from the top menu.
We do periodically create exported versions and backups of the site, in case either the university stops supporting the site or other factors might lead us to need to shift to a different platform.
4. Peer-Review process.
In the summer and fall of 2023, this site underwent peer-review by the Modnets group. As of summer 2024, the project has been accepted and is in the process of being aggregated at Modnets.
The reviewers made many good observations and editorial suggestions about the site. First, they noticed that many of the digital editions needed further editing and proofreading; we have made that a point of focus in recent months, and cleaned up many texts that had "dirty OCR" and formatting issues. (This process is still in progress as of summer 2024)
Also, early on, the only poetic form I regularly tagged was the sonnet. Another good observation made by the reviewers was a suggestion to consider more poetic forms than simply sonnets. We have been doing that this past spring; many poems tagged with particular formal attributes can be found here.
A third suggestion we have taken seriously is the suggestion to say more about why we chose the Scalar platform and the efforts we're making to ensure that the site is backed up and secured against possible disruptions. We added sections to the present page along those lines (see section 3 above), and we regularly attempt to make backups of the site. Once aggregation to Modnets is completed, that will also be an asset to preservation.
--Amardeep Singh, June 2023 (updated March 2024; further updated July 2024)