Summary of B.M. Croker's "A Family Likeness" (1892)
Tags: Romance fiction, Himalayas, Kumaon, Nainital, Nepal, Local Color, Orientalism, Lucknow
B. M. Croker’s 1892 novel, A Family Likeness: A Sketch in the Himalayas, provides a window into the dual worlds of the British Raj: the rigid social hierarchies of the Anglo-Indian community and the remote landscape of the Himalayan frontier. The narrative unfolds against the backdrop of colonial India, specifically the Kumaon region, emphasizing the isolation faced by "exiled" Europeans and a good deal of 'local color' regarding the Pahari (mountain-dwelling) population.
Alongside some accurate accounts depicting the culture and people of what is today called Uttarakhand, the novel has a few howlers, such as the idea of a "mad fakir" lurking in a "ruined Jain temple" (see the passage included below).
The Hidden Daughter of the Himalayas
The story begins with the Romilly family in Dover, England, identifying themselves as "Old Indians"—retired colonels and their wives who, despite drawing English pensions, remain perpetually nostalgic for the "whiff of a bazaar" and the "sniff of a huka". Central to the mystery is Adolphus "Dolly" Carwithen, a social-climbing dandy who hides a scandalous past: a brief, "low" marriage to a sergeant’s daughter in Lucknow nineteen years prior. Following his first wife’s death, Dolly abandoned their daughter, Juliet, at a school in the Himalayas, fleeing to England to marry a wealthy heiress and erase his Indian history.
Juliet grows up at St. Oswald’s, a boarding school in Chota Bilat. The school, characterized by its "high zinc roof" and "severe-looking" exterior, reflects the colonial practice of sending children to hill stations to escape the heat and disease of the plains. When the school closes, Juliet is moved even further into the wilds to live with the Nootes—Captain Noote, a retired soldier, and his wife, who run a "butter and bacon" farm at Kala Dara.
Indian Locations and the Kumaon Landscape
Croker emphasizes the dramatic beauty and physical challenges of the Kumaon region. Juliet’s journey to Kala Dara is a "forty-two mile" trek through "miles of gigantic rhododendrons" and past "desperate precipices of blue crumbling shale". The environment is defined by its silence and isolation, broken only by the "tramp of the barefooted jampannies" carrying the dandy (a mountain chair).
The novel identifies specific peaks such as Trisul (the three peaks) and Nanda-devi (the storm god), which dominate the horizon, awakening as "rosy pink then to a brilliant crimson" at dawn.
Here is a relevant passage describing the mountain landscape:
What fragrant bushes of heliotrope, and straggling tufts of tube roses! What wild flowers and fantastic grasses! had apparently struggled over every obstacle to join their more civilized relations in Mrs. Noote’s neglected garden. Beyond it lay the yellow valley, the swelling hills, and, rising out of a faint pearly mist, and clearly defined against a turquoise sky, Juliet recognized her old friends, Trisul (the three peaks) and Nanda-devi (the storm god), who reared his noble white head higher than any mountain in British territory. They seemed to have come nearer to her, but, in reality, it was she who had decreased her distance from them by close on thirty miles. The thin, stimulating hill air, the fresh flowers, the songs of the ever busy minars, and the shouts of the reapers in the corn, combined to assure her that it was a sin to be in the house, and, dressing at once, she set forth to explore her surroundings. Her first discovery was her hostess in the dairy yard, shrieking fluent anathemas at her gwala, or milkman, a sturdy Pahari, wearing a battered old forage cap (whose various vicissitudes would possibly fill a volume) and an expression of silent scorn, that would not have been unbefitting on the countenance of a Roman emperor. Doubtless he was saying to himself, “What a devil of devils is this screaming white pig; the curse of my father be upon her!”
These locations serve as more than scenery; they represent a "primitive land" where life has remained unchanged for centuries. Traffords Rest, a deserted, "haunted" bungalow known to locals as the "Devil’s Bungalow," provides a gothic element to the Himalayan setting, illustrating how the wilderness reclaimed abandoned colonial ventures.
Aspects of Anglo-Indian and Native Culture
The text meticulously details the stratified social life of the British in India. In cantonments like Durano, life revolves around the Club, tennis-courts, amateur theatricals, and the "daily post". The social circle is governed by women like Mrs. Bax and Mrs. Dickson, who enforce strict codes of precedence and connections. Juliet, living with the "common" Nootes, is initially viewed with suspicion as a "mysterious nobody" or an "adventuress".
In contrast, Juliet finds a different kind of belonging among the Pahari (hill) people. She speaks their language fluently and participates in their community life, learning their legends of "fairies and devils".
Here is a relevant passage from the text:
“Teach her music! Oh well, I cannot get over that!” gasped Eulalie, in a tone of horror.
“No. And you should hear her playing on the sitar, and singing hill songs; and when she passes through the village I declare they salaam to her, as if she was a goddess, and never takes no notice what ever of me—no more nor if I was so much dirt.”
Mrs. Noote’s arraignment was partly correct. Juliet spoke the Pahari tongue fluently; she was in a way a hill girl herself, and when she went down to the village, on an errand to the Bunnia’s shop, or on her own account, every one was glad to see her. First of all, she had made friends with the sturdy brown children, and then with their parents—who were children too-most of them high-caste Brahmins, whose simple dignity and single-mindedness and courtesy afforded a strong contrast to the inmates of Kala Dara. They all adored the Miss Sahib, whom they named among themselves “Sunduria,” that is to say, “the beautiful,” and gladly welcomed her under their flat stone roofs, and offered her dahlias and marigolds. She knew their family histories and ancient feuds, and all about their lawsuits, leases of land, and the condition of their cattle and crops. It was true that Gindia taught her how to play the sitar-an instrument made out of a gourd with strings like a guitar-and Gindia’s old grandmother, Neoli, poured into her ears many legends and tragedies, and tales of self-immolation and desperate pilgrimages to almost inaccessible mountain shrines. She gave her a smooth dark green stone, pierced, to wear as an amulet against the evil eye, and cautioned her to beware of the big blind bull who haunted the Taka valley, or of the Dekkanee woman, who cast spells near the old water mill, and above all of the mad fakir.
She learns to play the sitar from Gindia, the milkman’s wife, and studies under the guidance of Neoli, an old grandmother who provides amulets against the "evil eye". Croker portrays the hill people as a "contented race" whose interests are centered on their "flock of goats" and "harvest of murga".
The novel also touches upon the religious fanatacism found in remote shrines. Here Juliet is nearly attacked by a "mad fakir" at a ruined Jain temple dedicated to Jula Devi:
She stooped to pick up her sticks with an involuntary shudder. It was a weird and dreadfully lonely spot-funereal, secret, ghostly. Its dark frowning walls, its solemn stillness, seemed to weigh upon her senses; she would tarry no longer. As she raised her eyes, her heart seemed about to jump from her breast. Silently as a shadow, a man had come out of the interior of the temple—a tall, emaciated, loathsome fakir. His hair, plastered with dirt, stood stiffly erect, like horns; his face and chest were daubed with wood ashes and of a bluish-white colour; from his unearthly white face gleamed a pair of devilish eyes that glowed like carbuncles. He was partly clothed in a panther’s skin. In one hand he held the dripping carcass of a headless kid, and in the other the enormous sacrificial knife, common to the Nepaulese and hill tribes; not a mere ghoorka—“cookery,” but a wide, sharp blade, nearly two feet long, with a cruel curve at the end, where it fits the neck of the bullock about to be slain. With one of these awful weapons, a dexterous arm can sweep off the animal’s head at a single stroke; and failure to do this, at the yearly Dussera, entails on the executioner disgrace and derision.
This encounter highlights the colonial perception of "the dark and frowning walls" of ancient Indian structures as places of peril.
The Conflict of Caste and Heritage
The central conflict arises when Gerald Romilly, an officer in a Ghoorka regiment, discovers Juliet in the village of Basita. He recognizes her through a "speaking family likeness" to a portrait of her great-grandmother, Lady Juliet, which hangs in her father’s house in England. Despite their mutual love, Juliet is paralyzed by the Anglo-Indian obsession with birth and class. Influenced by the gossip of Mrs. Bax, she believes her "low birth" on her mother’s side would mean "social ruin" for Gerald.
This conflict is exacerbated by the appearance of William John, Mrs. Noote’s vulgar son, who expects Juliet to marry him for her father’s "two thousand pounds". His aggressive advances—culminating in Juliet having to physically defend herself on a mountain path—underline the vulnerability of unattached women in the colonial frontier.
The Pestilence and Resolution
The climax is precipitated by a cholera outbreak, a recurring terror in the sources. The "pestilence that walketh in darkness" sweeps through the village of Kala Dara, killing fifteen people in a single day, including Mrs. Noote. This disaster forces Juliet’s removal to Snow View, a tea estate owned by Gerald’s cousin, Sophy Casson.
The resolution takes place in Lucknow, a major urban center of the Raj, at the Royal Hotel. Here, the social worlds of England and India collide as Dolly Carwithen arrives on a tourist trip with Lady Castle Blarney. Confronted by the high-status Countess and the evidence of Juliet’s "aristocratic" appearance, Dolly is forced to acknowledge his daughter. The novel concludes with the realization that Juliet’s physical likeness to her noble ancestors was her only passport back into the society that had discarded her.
In summary, A Family Likeness uses the Himalayan geography—from the "ghastly looking drop" of the mountain passes to the "fragrant bushes of heliotrope" in station gardens—to mirror the social precariousness of its protagonist. The narrative emphasizes that in the world of the Raj, lineage and appearance were the ultimate determinants of one's fate, regardless of the merit found in the "wilderness".
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