1. "Charles Raff," United States Census, July 1870, Index and Images, New York, United States; citing p. 51, family 489, NARA microfilm publication M593, FHL microfilm 552492.  

2. "Charles Phaff." U. S. Census. Year: December 1870; Census Place: New York Ward 15 District 10 (2nd Enum). New York, New York; Roll M593_1033; Page: 277B; Image: 558, Family History Library Film: 552532; Ancestry.com, Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2009, http://www.ancestrylibrary.com/. 

3. "Charles Raff," United States Census, July 1870, New York, New York; "Charles Phaff," United States Census, December 1870, New York, New York. 

4. H. H. Hacker, (Instructor at Nazareth Hall), Nazareth Hall: an Historical Sketch and Roster of Principals, Teachers, and Pupils, Instructors at Nazareth Hall (Times Publishing Co Bethlehem, P.A. 1910), 154. 

5. See, for example: "Nazareth Hall Boarding School for Boys," Harper's Weekly, August 9, 1862, 511; "Schools: Nazareth Hall," Morning Courier and New York Enquirer, October 13, 1860, 2.  

6. "Suggestions to Parents," New-York Daily Tribune, September 2, 1873, 2.

7. Ibid. 

8. "Rhymes at a Restaurant," American Enterprise, January 1872, 7. 

9. "Charles Pfaff's Restaurant, 653 Broadway," American Enterprise, January 1872, 7.

10. Mark Twain, "Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog," New-York Saturday Press, November 18, 1865, 248. 

11. I would like to thank the graduate student faculty of the Technical University of Dortmund for pointing out this possible interpretation of the image during the question and answer session that followed my presentation of an excerpt of this book project in November 2012. 

12. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 416. 

13. Hemstreet, Literary New York, n. p. 

14. W. Harrison Bayles, Old Taverns of New York (Franklin Allaben Genealogical Company c. 1915), 429.