1. F. B. S., "A Visit To Walt Whitman," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 11, 1886, 10, http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/. 

2. Ibid. 

3. Wilk, "Pfaff's Romantischer Keller," 27; "Charles Ignatius Pfaff," Appleton's, 15: 660; William Winter, Old Friends: Being Literary Recollections of Other Days by William Winter (New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909), 64. 

4. Cummings, "'Bohemians' and 'Tips,'" 3. 

5. Peter and John Del Monico came to the United States from Switzerland, and in 1827, they opened a confectionary shop. In 1832, their nephew Lorenzo came to New York and joined their partnership. New York Times, "Death of C. C. Delmonico: He Was Manager of the Restaurants Bearing His Name," September 21, 1901, 7; http://search.proquest.com/docview/; New York Times, "Broadway Landmarks.; Lions Disappear from Ancient Building Below Old Stevens House," February 7, 1915, XX3, http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/. 

6. I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909, vol. 3 (New York: Hobert H. Dodd, 1915-1928), 980. 

7. Betty O'Grady Matiskella, Descendants of Patrick O'Grady and Mary Steele, 1757-2005, (Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation, 2013), 50; Bulletin of the New York Public Library 29 (1925), "c. 1860. Stevens House, 25-27 Broadway," Eno Collection of New York City Views, New York Public Library, 399. 

8. "Stevens House," Advertisement for Hotels, Dunigan's American Catholic Almanac and List of the Clergy for the Year of Our Lord 1858 (New York: Edward Dunigan & Brother, James B. Kirker, 371 Broadway, 1858), 63. 

9. Karen Karbiener points out that "the elegant main floor of the Coleman House Hotel [was] directly above it [Pfaff's cellar]" at 647 Broadway. See "Whitman at Pfaff's: Personal Space, A Public Place, and the Boundary-Breaking Poems of Leaves of Grass (1860) in Literature of New York, ed. Sabrina Fuchs-Abrams (Newcastle upon Tyne, U. K.: Cambridge Scholars, 2009), 15. 

10. Trow's New York City Directory, for the year ending May 1, 1859, Compiled by H. Wilson (New York: John F. Trow, Publisher, 1858), 635; An advertisement for a watchmaker at the same address reads, "685 BROADWAY. LOUIS ANRICH, watchmaker, from Copenhagen, respectfully informs the public that he, for the sum of $2, will repair and clean the finest watches, including main and hair spring glasses for 12 months, without any other charges. Having employed the best watchmaker from Europe, he can assure the public that he will give every one satisfaction. LOUIS ANRICH, 685 Broadway, Two doors above Amity street." See New York Herald, "685 Broadway, Louis Anrich," Advertisement, October 24, 1858, 7, http://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html. 

11. "Pfaff, Charles, 685 B'way, Restaurant, Wine & Lager Bier," Eating Houses, New York City Business Directory, 1859: 90, U.S. City Directories, 1821-1989 (Beta) [database on-line], Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011, Ancestry.com; http://www.ancestrylibrary.com/; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1383. 

12. Wilk, 27; Translation mine. 

13. The Night Side of New York: A Picture of the Great Metropolis After Nightfall By Members of the New York Press, Illustrated by Frank Beard (New York: J. C. Haney & Co. 109 Nassau Street, 1866), 71. 

14. Ibid. 

15. Ibid.