1. "Charles Pfaff," U. S. Census, New York 1880 Census Records, Family History Library NA Film Number T9-0880, pg. 171A, Familysearch.org, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MZ6Z-B3J. An obituary for Charles Pfaff, printed in the New York Times, reports that he was "in his seventy-second year" at the time of his death, which means Pfaff was likely born in 1819 or 1820. See, New York Times, "In and About the City Death of Charles I. Pfaff. Something about the Proprietor of the Once Famous 'Bohemia,'" April 26, 1890, 2, http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/hnpnewyorktimes/.

2. New York Herald. "[Declares?] That Augustus Saint-Gaudans was a Real American," May 3, 1908, Section 3, pg. 4, http://fultonhistory.com/.

3. Amos J. Cummings, "'Bohemians' and 'Tips.' The Gay days of Old in a Cheap Beer Saloon in New York," The Brooklyn-Daily Standard-Union, April 30, 1887, 3, http://fultonhistory.com/.

4. "Charles Ignatius Pfaff," Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events for the year 1890, vol. 15 (New York: Appleton and Company, 1891), 660; Gerald H. Wilk, "Pfaff's Romantischer Keller," The American-German Review 32, no.5 (June/July 1966): 27-28.

5. Cummings, "'Bohemians' and 'Tips,'" 3.

6. It is also possible that Pfaff had a parent of Swiss descent, but at the time of the writing of this history, the names of Pfaff's parents are unknown. See Albert Parry, Garrets and Pretenders: A History of Bohemianism in America (New York: Covici, Friede, Publishers, 1933), 23; James L. Ford, "Good By Bohemia," New York Tribune, October 1, 1922, Part 2 pg. 1, http://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html. David Reynolds indicates that Pfaff was "a native of either Switzerland or southwest Germany." See Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 376; Gay Wilson Allen also describes Pfaff as a "German-Swiss." See The Solitary Singer: A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman (Washington Square: New York University Press, 1967), 228.

7. "Charles Ignatius Pfaff," Appleton's, 15:660; Vidette, "Gotham Gossip: Charles Pfaff at Rest in Greenwood—He Was a Good Friend to Struggling Writers," Daily Picayune, May 1, 1890, 2, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/; Wilk, 27.

8. Cummings, "'Bohemians' and 'Tips,'" 3.

9. Lause, The Antebellum Crisis, 141n12.

10. "Deutschland, Heiraten 1558-1929," [trans. Germany, Marriages] Index, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J4Y3-HG8;"Deutschland, Geburten und Taufen 1558- 1898," [trans. Germany, Births and Baptisms, 1558-1898] Index, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NFFH-55N.

11. "Charles Pfaff," U. S. Census, New York 1880 Census Records.

12. New York Times, "In and about the City," 2; New York Times, "Charles Pfaff Buried," April 27, 1890, 13, http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/; The Green-Wood Cemetery's Green- Wood Burial Search Database, Greenwood Cemetery, http://www.green- wood.com/burial_search/.

13. New York City Death Index, New York City Death Records Search 1891-1948, Italian Genealogical Group, italiangen.org/records-search/deaths.php.

14. New York Times, "In and about the City," 2; "Charles Pfaff," U. S. Census, New York 1880 Census Records.

15. "Ignatz Pfaff, New York, State Census, 1855," Index and Images, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K678-JQN.

16. The ship was scheduled to leave Le Havre on December 2, 1854. However, the steam-tug did not have enough power to pull the ship out to sea. It went aground between two jetties. But on December 4, 1854, the ship "was floated off with the tide, without damage." See New York Daily Tribune, "Marine Journal: Per Washington—Additional," December 26, 1854, 8, http://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html.

17. "Ignaac Paff," New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1891, Images 578-588, Microcopy 237, Roll 149, National Archives Microfilm Publications, Microcopy No. 237, Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, 1820-1897, Roll 149, December 15-30, 1854 (List Nos. 1653-1741) and January 1-11, 1855 (List Nos. 1-30), The National Archives. National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration, Washington: 1957, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-16940-51670-38?cc=1849782&wc=9370262; "Ignaac Paff" and "Sarah Amster," Year: 1855, Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: M237; Microfilm Roll: 149; Line: 11 and Line: 12; List Number: 16, Ancestry.com, New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957, Provo, UT, USA. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010, http://www.ancestrylibrary.com/.

18. "Charles Pfaff, [Jr.]," United States Census, July 1870, Index and Images, Charles Pfaff in household of Charles Raff [sic], New York, United States; citing p. 51, family 489, NARA microfilm publication M593, FHL microfilm 552492, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/M8FW-N49.

19. According to the National Archive's introduction to the "two-step" immigration process, an alien could file a declaration of intent after two years of U.S. residency, and after three more years, he or she could then file a petition to become naturalized, after which a certificate of citizenship would be issued. See the National Archives website for a further explanation of the two-step process and for exceptions to these "general rules" for naturalization. "Naturalization Records: General Rule: The Two-Step Process," National Archives," http://www.archives.gov/research/naturalization/naturalization.html; "Charles Pfaff," 11 Mar. 1857, Superior Court of the City of New York (1-597), New York, New York, New York, USA, Superior Court of the City of New York (084-086), Ancestry.com, New York, Naturalization Petitions, 1794-1906 [database on-line], Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013, Original data: Petitions for Naturalization, 1793-1906. ARC ID: 5324244, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Record Group 85, National Archives at New York City, New York City, New York, U.S.A., http://www.ancestrylibrary.com/.

20. "Charles Pfaff," 6 Oct. 1860. Superior Court of the City of New York (1-597), New York, New York, New York, USA, Superior Court of the City of New York (111-112), Ancestry.com, New York, Naturalization Petitions, 1794-1906 [database on-line], Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013, Original data: Petitions for Naturalization, 1793-1906, ARC ID: 5324244, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Record Group 85, National Archives at New York City, New York City, New York, U.S.A, http://www.ancestrylibrary.com/.

21. Ibid. See also "Charles Pfaff," Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in New York City, 1792-1989, New York, Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in New York City, 1792-1989, Original data: Soundex Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in Federal, State, and Local Courts located in New York City, 1792-1989, New York, NY, USA: National Archives and Records Administration, Northeast Region. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2007, http://www.ancestrylibrary.com; "Charles Pfaff," New York, County Naturalization Records, 1791-1980, Naturalization Petition Index, no date, Per-Polzt. N Yr 1-059 D, Roll Number 60, Image 1938, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1961-27277-49420-93?cc=1999177&wc=MMR6-LKF:n690557977.

22. Wilk, "Pfaff's Romantischer Keller," 27.

23. Ibid.

24. Wilk suggests that it was Mother Pfaff's coffee that may have attracted American bohemians like Henry Clapp and Fitz James O'Brien. However, Wilk states incorrectly that after two years, Pfaff opened a restaurant at No. 653 Broadway. He also suggests that Clapp and O'Brien discovered Pfaff's in 1856, and, as will become clear, it is not possible for Clapp and O'Brien to have discovered this "Pfaff's" in 1856. See Wilk, "Pfaff's Romantischer Keller," 27.

25. "Charles Pfaff." U. S. Census. New York 1880 Census Records; "Charles Pfaff, [Jr.]," United States Census, July 1870.

26. Edward Peron Hingston, The genial showman, reminiscences of the life of 'Artemus Ward,' Vol. 1 (London: John Camden Hotten, Piccadilly, 1870), 149; J. W. "Watson, New York Bohemians, The Men and the Women Who Used to Meet in Pfaff's Cellar," Daily Inter Ocean, August 12, 1888, 16, http://infotrac.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/.

27. Vidette, "Gotham Gossip: Charles Pfaff at Rest in Greenwood," 2.

28. Ibid.

29. New York Herald, "Bohemian Days at Pfaff's," April 26, 1890, 8, http://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html.

30. G. J. M, "Bohemianism," Brooklyn Eagle, May 25, 1884, 9. http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/.