1. Lause, The Antebellum Crisis, 47. 

2. Rufus Rockwell Wilson, "The New York Bohemians" Elmira Telegram, July 15, 1888, [illegib. 3 or 8?], http://fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html; Rufus Rockwell Wilson, New York: old & new. Its story, streets, and landmarks, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1903), 140-141. 

3. William Winter, Old Friends: Being Literary Recollections of Other Days, 63. 

4. I will explain this assertion in the coming pages by using notices that provide clues to the dates of Pfaff's removal from one saloon to the next. 

5. Henry Clapp, Jr., "A New Portrait of Paris: Painted from Life," New-York Saturday Press, November 13, 1858, 1. The Vault at Pfaff's. http://lehigh.edu/pfaffs. Ed. Edward Whitley and Rob Weidman. 

6. Lause, The Antebellum Crisis, 15-16. 

7. Clapp, Jr., "A New Portrait," November 13, 1858, 1. 

8. Ibid. 

9. Henry Clapp, Jr., "A New Portrait of Paris: Painted from Life," New-York Saturday Press, November 20, 1858, 248. The Vault at Pfaff's. http://lehigh.edu/pfaffs. Ed. Edward Whitley and Rob Weidman. 

10. Henry Clapp, Jr., "A New Portrait of Paris: Painted from Life," New-York Saturday Press, December 25, 1858, 1. The Vault at Pfaff's. http://lehigh.edu/pfaffs. Ed. Edward Whitley and Rob Weidman. 

11. Lause, The Antebellum Crisis, 15-16. 

12. Carl Benson (Charles Astor Bristed) translated Henri Mürger's Scènes de la Vie de Bohème for The Knickerbocker magazine, which published it serially under the title of "Gypsies of Art" from January 1853 to May 1854. 

13. J. W. Watson, "Lairs of Old Bohemia: Resorts Formerly Frequented by New York Journalists and Authors," The Daily Inter Ocean, October 28, 1888, 17, http://infotrac.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu. 

14. Lause, The Antebellum Crisis, 49-50; Wilson, New York: old & new, 140-141. 

15. George Parsons Lathrop, "The Literary Movement in New York," Harper's New Monthly Magazine 73, no. 438 (November 1886), 813-833. 

16. Cummings, "'Bohemians' and 'Tips,'" 3. 

17. The Cambridge Tribune, "Library Chat," Obituary of Charles Pfaff, May 10, 1890, 5, http://cambridge.dlconsulting.com/. 

18. Night Side of New York, 71.